Top Notch 3 Unit 1

Make Small Talk

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-Create a conversation with a classmate in the next situation: You don’t know each other.

-Complete exercise E and D from page 3. 

-Conversation model page 4. Listen and practice.

-Grammar: Tag Questions Explanation

Tag questions

Tag questions (or question tags) turn a statement into a question. They are often used for checking information that we think we know is true.

Tag questions are made using an auxiliary verb (for example: be or have) and a subject pronoun (for example: I, you, she). Negative question tags are usually contracted: It's warm today, isn't it (not 'is it not')

Usually if the main clause is positive, the question tag is negative, and if the main clause is negative, it's positive. For example: It's cold (positive), isn't it (negative)? And: It isn't cold (negative), is it (positive)?

If the main clause has an auxiliary verb in it, you use the same verb in the tag question. If there is no auxiliary verb (in the present simple and past simple) use do / does / did (just like when you make a normal question).

There is one weird exception: the question tag after I am is aren't I.
For example: I'm in charge of the food, aren't I?

Postive sentences, with negative tags

Present simple 'be'	She's Italian, isn't she?
Present simple other verbs	They live in London, don't they?
Present continuous	We're working tomorrow, aren't we?
Past simple 'be'	It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?
Past simple other verbs	He went to the party last night, didn't he?
Past continuous	We were waiting at the station, weren't we?
Present perfect	They've been to Japan, haven't they?
Present perfect continuous	She's been studying a lot recently, hasn't she?
Past perfect	He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?
Past perfect continuous	We'd been working, hadn't we?
Future simple	She'll come at six, won't she?
Future continuous	They'll be arriving soon, won't they?
Future perfect	They'll have finished before nine, won't they?
Future perfect continuous	She'll have been cooking all day, won't she?
Modals	He can help, can't he?
Modals	John must stay, mustn't he?

Negative sentences, with positive tags

Present simple 'be'	We aren't late, are we?
Present simple other verbs	She doesn't have any children, does she?
Present continuous	The bus isn't coming, is it?
Past simple 'be'	She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?
Past simple other verbs	They didn't go out last Sunday, did they?
Past continuous	You weren't sleeping, were you?
Present perfect	She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?
Present perfect continuous	He hasn't been running in this weather, has he?
Past perfect	We hadn't been to London before, had we?
Past perfect continuous	You hadn't been sleeping, had you?
Future simple	They won't be late, will they?
Future continuous	He'll be studying tonight, won't he?
Future perfect	She won't have left work before six, will she?
Future perfect continuous	He won't have been travelling all day, will he?
Modals	She can't speak Arabic, can she?
Modals	They mustn't come early, must they?

-Exercise

Put in the correct question tags.

1.    She is collecting stickers, ?

2.    We often watch TV in the afternoon, ?

3.    You have cleaned your bike, ?

4.    John and Max don't like maths, ?

5.    Peter played handball yesterday, ?

6.    They are going home from school, ?

7.    Mary didn't do her homework last Monday, ?

8.    He could have bought a new car, ?

9.    Kevin will come tonight, ?

10.  I'm clever, ?

-Complete exercise B from page 4.

-Page 5 exercise A and B, listen and practice then send me an audio to my whatsapp.

-Grammar: Past Perfect

The Past Perfect Tense

We don't use the past perfect a lot in English, but it is useful, and it sounds very good if you can use it correctly. Also, it's really easy to make - just the past simple of 'have' and the past participle.

(The positive - make it with 'had' + the past participle (usually made by adding 'ed' to the infinitive, but a few verbs have irregular past participles):

(Also, here's some help if you are not sure how to pronounce '-ed' at the end of a verb).

·         I had been (I'd been)

·         You had gone (you'd gone)

·         She had met (she'd met)

·         He had played (he'd played)

·         It had rained (it'd rained)

·         We had bought (we'd bought)

·         They had studied (they'd studied)

The short form for 'had' is 'd.
(Be careful not to confuse it with 'would'. Would is followed by the infinitive - 'I'd go', whereas had is followed by the past participle - 'I'd gone').

For the negative just add 'not':

·         I had not been (I hadn't been)

·         You had not gone (you hadn't gone)

·         She had not met (she hadn't met)

·         He had not played (he hadn't played)

·         It had not rained (it hadn't rained)

·         We had not bought (we hadn't bought)

·         They had not studied (they hadn't studied)

Here's a exercise about the positive and negative forms.

And to make a 'yes / no' question put 'had' before the subject:

·         Had I come?

·         Had you eaten?

·         Had she gone?

·         Had it rained?

·         Had he studied?

·         Had we met?

·         Had they left?

For 'wh' questions put the question word at the beginning:

·         When had I come?

·         Why had you eaten?

·         Where had she gone?

·         When had it rained?

·         Why had he studied?

·         How had we met?

·         When had they left?

-Exercise

Make the past perfect: 

1. When I arrived at the cinema, the film ____________________ (start).

 2. She ____________________ (live) in China before she went to Thailand. 

3. After they ____________________ (eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick. 

4. If you ____________________ (listen) to me, you would have got the job. 

5. Julie didn’t arrive until after I ____________________ (leave). 

6. When we ____________________ (finish) dinner, we went out. 

7. The garden was dead because it ____________________ (be) dry all summer. 

8. He ____________________ (meet) her before somewhere. 

9. We were late for the plane because we ____________________ (forgot)our passports. 

10. She told me that she ____________________ (study) a lot before the exam. 

-Complete exercise A and B from page 6.

-Conversation Model page 4. Listen and practice.

-Page 8 Vocabulary, calligraphy 3x, listen, practice, translate and send me a whatsapp audio with your pronunciation. Complete Exercise B.